# bbolt

Published articles for bbolt.

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## 【etcd】写入路径深读：Txn、mod revision 与 quota/alarm

DevFeed: [【etcd】写入路径深读：Txn、mod revision 与 quota/alarm](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-txn-mod-revision-quota-alarm-33989.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/07-write-path/07-write-path.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: tutorial

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Back end](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/backend.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [Remote Procedure Call (RPC)](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/rpc.md>), [maintenance](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/maintenance.md>)

Tags: [alarm](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/alarm.md>), [apiserver](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apiserver.md>), [applied-index](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/applied-index.md>), [apply](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apply.md>), [batch](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/batch.md>), [bbolt](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/bbolt.md>), [committed-index](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/committed-index.md>), [compaction](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/compaction.md>), [defrag](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/defrag.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [errcompacted](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/errcompacted.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [follower](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/follower.md>), [k8s](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/k8s.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [mod-revision](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mod-revision.md>), [nospace](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/nospace.md>), [quota](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/quota.md>), [revision](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/revision.md>), [txn](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/txn.md>), [v3-5](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5.md>), [v3-5-33](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5-33.md>)

### AI overview

This tutorial explains the etcd v3.5.33 write path from gRPC requests through Raft proposal, quota checks, MVCC apply, and ModRevision assignment. It also describes proposal backpressure, backend quota accounting, and how a NOSPACE alarm blocks writes while reads, deletes, and maintenance operations can continue.

### Source excerpt

走读 etcd v3.5.33 写入路径：raftRequest 背压、Txn compare/mod 与 ModRevision 分配、backend quota 与 NOSPACE alarm 如何把集群推入只读。

## 【etcd】bbolt 后端：mmap、batch 与单写者约束

DevFeed: [【etcd】bbolt 后端：mmap、batch 与单写者约束](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-bbolt-mmap-batch-33987.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/05-bbolt-backend/05-bbolt-backend.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: tutorial

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Databases](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/databases.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>)

Tags: [apply](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apply.md>), [backend](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/backend.md>), [batch](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/batch.md>), [bbolt](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/bbolt.md>), [commit](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/commit.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [mmap](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mmap.md>), [mvcc](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mvcc.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [v3-5](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5.md>), [v3-5-33](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5-33.md>)

### AI overview

This article explains how etcd v3.5.33 maps its MVCC storage model onto the bbolt backend. It covers bucket layout, mmap behavior, buffered batch commits, read and write transaction concurrency, and how bbolt's single-writer constraint shapes apply and linearizable reads.

### Source excerpt

钉清 etcd v3.5.33 的 bbolt 后端：bucket 布局、mmap 预映射、100ms/10000 条 batch commit、ConcurrentReadTx 与单写者如何约束 MVCC 读写并发。

## 【etcd】treeIndex 与 Apply 管道：propose -\> commit -\> apply

DevFeed: [【etcd】treeIndex 与 Apply 管道：propose -\> commit -\> apply](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-treeindex-apply-propose-commit-apply-33988.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/06-apply-pipeline/06-apply-pipeline.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: tutorial

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [Back end](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/backend.md>)

Tags: [applied-index](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/applied-index.md>), [apply](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apply.md>), [backend](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/backend.md>), [bbolt](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/bbolt.md>), [commit](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/commit.md>), [compaction](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/compaction.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [index](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/index.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [mvcc](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mvcc.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [range](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/range.md>), [recovery](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/recovery.md>), [revision](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/revision.md>), [store](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/store.md>), [treeindex](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/treeindex.md>), [txn](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/txn.md>), [v3-5](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5.md>), [wal](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/wal.md>), [watch](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/watch.md>)

### AI overview

This tutorial explains the etcd v3.5.33 apply pipeline from Raft commit to MVCC application. It covers the separation between propose, commit, and apply; the roles of treeIndex and bbolt; consistent-index updates; watch notification timing; and troubleshooting committed-versus-applied lag.

### Source excerpt

走读 etcd v3.5.33 从 Raft commit 到 MVCC apply 的串行管道：treeIndex 与 bbolt 分工、consistent index、watchableStore 通知触发点，以及 committed/applied 分列排障。

## 【etcd】Compaction、Defrag 与容量：quota、alarm 与 SLO

DevFeed: [【etcd】Compaction、Defrag 与容量：quota、alarm 与 SLO](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-compaction-defrag-quota-alarm-slo-33994.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/12-compaction-quota/12-compaction-quota.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: tutorial

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [Kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/kubernetes.md>)

Tags: [alarm](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/alarm.md>), [bbolt](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/bbolt.md>), [benchmark](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/benchmark.md>), [compaction](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/compaction.md>), [defrag](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/defrag.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [errcompacted](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/errcompacted.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [follower](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/follower.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [lag](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/lag.md>), [leader](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/leader.md>), [mvcc](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mvcc.md>), [nospace](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/nospace.md>), [performance](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/performance.md>), [quota](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/quota.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [resourceversion](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/resourceversion.md>), [v3](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3.md>), [v3-5](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5.md>), [v3-5-33](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5-33.md>), [watch](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/watch.md>)

### AI overview

This technical article explains how etcd v3.5.33 compaction, defragmentation, quota handling, and the NOSPACE alarm interact. It distinguishes revision-history removal from bbolt file reclamation, describes periodic and revision-based auto-compaction, and connects retention, quota, defrag pauses, and Watch or Kubernetes control-plane behavior to operational SLOs.

### Source excerpt

钉 etcd v3.5.33 MVCC compaction 与 bbolt defrag 的分工、auto-compaction 保留窗口、quota-backend-bytes 与 NOSPACE alarm 写入门，以及 ErrCompacted 如何写进 Watch SLO。

## 【分布式系统百科】分布式 KV 存储对比：etcd、TiKV 与 FoundationDB

DevFeed: [【分布式系统百科】分布式 KV 存储对比：etcd、TiKV 与 FoundationDB](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/kv-etcd-tikv-foundationdb-33978.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/distributed/39-kv-stores/kv-stores.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-04-13T00:00:00Z

Content type: comparison

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [Kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/kubernetes.md>)

Tags: [bbolt](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/bbolt.md>), [boltdb](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/boltdb.md>), [compaction](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/compaction.md>), [coreos](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/coreos.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [distributed-systems](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed-systems.md>), [errcompacted](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/errcompacted.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [go](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/go.md>), [k8s](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/k8s.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [lease](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/lease.md>), [mmap](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mmap.md>), [mvcc](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mvcc.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [readindex](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/readindex.md>), [revision](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/revision.md>), [single-raft-group](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/single-raft-group.md>), [ssd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/ssd.md>), [v3](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3.md>), [wal](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/wal.md>), [watch](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/watch.md>)

### AI overview

This Chinese-language comparison examines etcd, TiKV, and FoundationDB as distributed key-value stores for metadata. It focuses on architecture, implementation, performance, and limitations, with detailed coverage of etcd's single Raft group, MVCC, Watch, Lease, bbolt storage engine, linearizable reads, compaction, and defragmentation.

### Source excerpt

一个典型的架构评审场景：团队需要一个分布式键值存储来承载新系统的元数据。候选方案三个----etcd、TiKV、FoundationDB。三者都提供强一致性保证，都经过大规模生产验证，但设计目标截然不同。选错了，轻则性能不达标，重则数据丢失后无法恢复。这篇文章从架构、实现、性能和局限四个维度，把三个系统拆开来看。