# circuit Published articles for circuit. This is one page of public article previews, not the complete archive. Follow Next page to continue. Summaries are not the original full articles. ## Name that Ware, August 2026 DevFeed: [Name that Ware, August 2026]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Author: bunnie Published: 2026-08-30T06:29:56Z Content type: article Language: en Sources: [bunnie's blog]() Topics: [circuit]() Tags: [2026](), [circuit](), [name-that-ware]() ### AI overview The August 2026 "Name that Ware" entry identifies the featured object as an integrated circuit from a different era than the previous month's item. ### Source excerpt The Ware for August 2026 is shown below. Technically, this is an integrated circuit - just from a very different era than last month's ware! ## Winner: Identifying a Bandgap Voltage Reference Circuit in a Chip Micrograph DevFeed: [Winner: Identifying a Bandgap Voltage Reference Circuit in a Chip Micrograph]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Author: bunnie Published: 2026-08-30T06:27:57Z Content type: article Language: en Sources: [bunnie's blog]() Topics: [circuit](), [standard]() Tags: [2026](), [baochip](), [circuit](), [name-that-ware](), [process]() ### AI overview The article identifies the featured chip structure as a bandgap voltage reference built around paired NPN transistors. It explains how the circuit maintains a near-constant voltage and why dummy transistors surround the active devices. ### Source excerpt The structure in question for last month's ware are a pair of NPN transistors that form the core of a bandgap voltage reference circuit. As its name implies, a bandgap voltage reference generates a near-constant voltage for use inside chips. The voltage is intended to be fairly constant over process variations, temperature variations, and power [...] ## When Microservice Decomposition Is the Wrong Default DevFeed: [When Microservice Decomposition Is the Wrong Default]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Author: Philipp Lehmann (philipp.lehmann@gruppe.ai) Published: 2026-08-21T07:00:00Z Content type: opinion Language: en Sources: [Philipp Lehmann]() Topics: [Microservice](), [Architecture & Design](), [Microservices](), [FastAPI]() Tags: [api](), [architecture](), [circuit](), [docker](), [microservices](), [migration](), [modular-monolith](), [monolith](), [openapi](), [tracing]() ### AI overview The article argues that splitting a small system into microservices should not be the default. It recommends keeping responsibilities in a modular monolith unless differences in scaling needs, organizational boundaries, or failure isolation justify a network boundary, whose costs include contracts, compatibility management, retries, timeouts, circuit breaking, and distributed tracing. ### Source excerpt import-linter forbidden contract as a module boundary: a FastAPI modular monolith instead of early microservices, and when a network split pays off. ## 3 Resilience Patterns That Keep a Backend Service Up When Its Dependencies Aren't DevFeed: [3 Resilience Patterns That Keep a Backend Service Up When Its Dependencies Aren't]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Author: The T-Shaped Dev Published: 2026-06-27T10:19:01Z Content type: tutorial Language: en Sources: [The T-Shaped Dev]() Topics: [Resilience](), [Back end](), [API]() Tags: [backend](), [circuit](), [dependencies](), [patterns](), [resilience](), [retry](), [timeout]() ### AI overview A tutorial on using timeouts, retries with backoff, and circuit breakers to limit cascading failures in backend services when dependencies become slow or unreliable. It explains how unbounded waiting can exhaust server resources and describes how to layer these resilience patterns. ### Source excerpt Timeout, retry with backoff, and circuit breaker -- what each one actually does, and the order to stack them. ## Bad Retries Can Break Good Systems DevFeed: [Bad Retries Can Break Good Systems]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Author: Raul Junco Published: 2026-05-09T11:45:53Z Content type: tutorial Language: en Sources: [System Design Classroom]() Topics: [systems](), [Back end](), [distributed-systems](), [incident](), [Latency]() Tags: [backend](), [circuit](), [gateway](), [incident](), [latency](), [retry](), [timeout]() ### AI overview A practical guide to handling transient faults in backend and distributed systems. It explains that uncontrolled retries can increase pressure on slow or overloaded dependencies and recommends backoff, jitter, retry budgets, idempotency, and circuit breakers to reduce user-facing incidents. ### Source excerpt A practical guide to using backoff, jitter, retry budgets, idempotency, and circuit breakers in backend systems. ## Top Resiliency Patterns for Developers DevFeed: [Top Resiliency Patterns for Developers]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Author: Saurabh Dashora Published: 2026-04-21T06:08:56Z Content type: tutorial Language: en Sources: [System Design Codex]() Topics: [resiliency](), [distributed-systems](), [circuit](), [Availability](), [Latency](), [Scalability](), [Architecture & Design]() Tags: [availability](), [circuit](), [distributed-systems](), [latency](), [monitoring](), [resiliency](), [scalability](), [timeout]() ### AI overview A quick guide to resiliency patterns for distributed systems. It introduces downstream and upstream patterns, then explains timeouts, circuit breakers, and retries with exponential backoff as ways to limit cascading failures and help downstream services recover. ### Source excerpt Quick Guide ## Bicyclic Matrix-Matrix Multiplication in Fully Homomorphic Encryption DevFeed: [Bicyclic Matrix-Matrix Multiplication in Fully Homomorphic Encryption]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Published: 2025-11-17T16:41:28Z Content type: tutorial Language: en Sources: [Jeremy Kun]() Topics: [FHE](), [Encryption](), [Algorithm](), [Code](), [GitHub]() Tags: [algorithm](), [circuit](), [code](), [cryptography](), [encryption](), [fhe](), [github](), [homomorphic-encryption](), [linear-algebra](), [lwe](), [mathematics](), [programming](), [rlwe]() ### AI overview This article explains the bicyclic method for matrix-matrix multiplication in fully homomorphic encryption. It introduces the method's packing scheme, relates it to Halevi-Shoup diagonal packing, and discusses properties including multiplicative depth, layout invariance, and rotation complexity. The implementation is provided in a GitHub repository in a file named bicyclic.py. ### Source excerpt In an earlier article, I covered the basic technique for performing matrix-vector multiplication in fully homomorphic encryption (FHE), known as the Halevi-Shoup diagonal method. This article covers a more recent method for matrix-matrix multiplication known as the bicyclic method. The code implementing this method is in the same GitHub repository as the previous article, and the bicyclic method is in a file called bicyclic.py. The previous article linked above covers the general concepts behind "FHE packing," which I will assume as background knowledge for this article: ## Detecting hallucinations in RAG systems with circuit tracing and attribution graphs DevFeed: [Detecting hallucinations in RAG systems with circuit tracing and attribution graphs]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Author: IrinaKoshkina (red\_mad\_robot) Published: 2025-09-26T18:30:09Z Content type: tutorial Language: ru Sources: [Redmadrobot EN](), [Redmadrobot RU]() Topics: [Large Language Model](), [Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)](), [Natural language processing](), [anthropic]() Tags: [anthropic](), [circuit](), [llm](), [nlp](), [rag](), [red-mad-robot](), [tag-0444141ce356](), [tag-3f4d1152a2b4](), [tag-73f5f2c76797](), [tag-b6914c0b0244](), [tag-d27a0708d400](), [tracing](), [transcoder]() ### AI overview The article explains an approach to detecting hallucinations in retrieval-augmented generation systems by examining model computation graphs with Anthropic's framework, cross-layer transcoders, and attribution graphs. It presents an implementation for analyzing Qwen2.5-7B and reports 85% detection accuracy on a test dataset for a simple implementation. ### Source excerpt Всем привет! Меня зовут Ирина, я NLP-инженер в red_mad_robot, занимаюсь научными исследованиями интерпретируемости LLM и анализом механизмов внутренних вычислений моделей, чтобы применять полученные результаты на практике. Например, сегодня хочу рассказать, как мы подошли к решению задачи детекции галлюцинаций LLM в RAG системах со стороны исследования графов размышлений модели -- с помощью интересного фреймворка от Anthropic. В статье поговорим, как использовать cross-layer transcoders и атрибуционные графы для детекции галлюцинаций в RAG системах. Рассмотрим пример реализации детектора на графах для анализа модели Qwen2.5-7B и практические примеры использования. Спойлер: на простой реализации получили точность детекции 85% на тестовом датасете. Читать далее ## Error handling in distributed systems: A guide to resilience patterns DevFeed: [Error handling in distributed systems: A guide to resilience patterns]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Author: Tim Imkin Published: 2025-06-20T00:00:00Z Content type: tutorial Language: en Sources: [Temporal Blog]() Topics: [distributed-systems](), [Resilience](), [Error Handling](), [Remote Procedure Call (RPC)](), [Latency]() Tags: [architecture](), [circuit](), [distributed-systems](), [error-handling](), [how-to](), [idempotency](), [resilience](), [retries]() ### AI overview This guide explains why distributed systems require different error-handling strategies, focusing on partial failures, unreliable networks, latency, partitions, retries with idempotency, and timeouts. It recommends designing for failure through isolation, graceful degradation, and autonomous recovery. ### Source excerpt Master distributed systems resilience with proven patterns like retries, circuit breakers, and Durable Execution to build fault-tolerant apps that never fail. ## Advancing Fall Detection: Crafting a Custom PCB for the Raspberry Pi Zero 2W DevFeed: [Advancing Fall Detection: Crafting a Custom PCB for the Raspberry Pi Zero 2W]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Author: Ivan Ursul Published: 2024-11-26T00:00:00Z Content type: tutorial Language: en Sources: [Ivan Ursul]() Topics: [Raspberry Pi](), [Altium Designer]() Tags: [battery](), [circuit](), [components](), [design](), [elderly-care](), [fall-detection](), [java](), [machine-learning](), [migrations](), [mongodb](), [pcb](), [power-management](), [prototypes](), [raspberry-pi](), [transformers]() ### AI overview This article describes designing and fabricating a custom PCB for a Raspberry Pi Zero 2W-based fall-detection device. It covers sensor selection, compact board layout, Altium Designer schematics, and power-management considerations. ### Source excerpt Schematics of the PCB module In my previous post, Developing a Fall Detection Device with Raspberry Pi, I delved into the initial steps of building a fall detection system using the Raspberry Pi Zero 2W. Today, I'm excited to share the next phase of this journey: designing and fabricating a custo... ## DIY Smart Electric Toothbrush using ESP32-C2 and RainMaker DevFeed: [DIY Smart Electric Toothbrush using ESP32-C2 and RainMaker]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Author: John Lee Published: 2024-08-22T09:00:17Z Content type: tutorial Language: en Sources: [Blog on Developer Portal]() Topics: [ESP32](), [Esp32 C2](), [Esp Rainmaker](), [FIRST](), [Wi-Fi](), [Embedded Software Dev](), [USB]() Tags: [battery](), [blog](), [build](), [circuit](), [components](), [connectivity](), [data](), [devices](), [display](), [diy](), [esp](), [esp-rainmaker](), [esp32](), [esp32-c2](), [firmware](), [interface](), [lcd](), [motor](), [network](), [rainmaker](), [spi](), [toothbrush]() ### AI overview This article presents the ESP-Toothbrush, a smart electric toothbrush powered by Espressif's ESP32-C2. It describes the LCD, ultrasonic motor, buzzer, Wi-Fi and ESP-RainMaker integration, smartphone configuration, USB Type-C connectivity, firmware updates, charging, and supported power modes. ### Source excerpt Introduction# For most people, one of the first tasks of the day is toothbrushing. This task is usually done by a conventional nylon toothbrush, invented in 1938 but used in different forms and materials even before. Today, you can easily find electronic toothbrushes and some start toothbrushes that helps you to keep track how you are brushing your tooth. ## Halloween Spooktacular: Fog Machine Madness DevFeed: [Halloween Spooktacular: Fog Machine Madness]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Author: James Heller Published: 2023-09-26T21:50:49Z Content type: article Language: en Sources: [Apartment 304]() Topics: [circuit](), [Microcontroller](), [Reverse Engineering](), [Hardware](), [MIDI](), [Requirements]() Tags: [apartment-304](), [circuit](), [custom-software-solutions](), [devops](), [devops-engineer](), [electronics](), [hardware](), [requirements](), [reverse-engineering](), [software-architecture](), [software-development](), [software-engineer]() ### AI overview A Halloween automation project uses reverse engineering and circuit design to control a fog machine when trick-or-treaters are nearby. The article describes investigating the machine's 5-pin MIDI remote, designing a circuit with a microcontroller and LEDs, and isolating the connections to protect the controller from potentially damaging voltages. ### Source excerpt Go, k3s, NATS, circuit design, and fog. Oh the madness. A tale of over engineering. ## Hello, Perceptron: An introduction to artificial neural networks DevFeed: [Hello, Perceptron: An introduction to artificial neural networks]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Published: 2023-05-05T14:05:31Z Content type: tutorial Language: en Sources: [Matt Might]() Topics: [Neural Network](), [Artificial Intelligence](), [Generative AI](), [Algorithm](), [circuit]() Tags: [ai](), [algorithm](), [circuit](), [generative-ai](), [introduction](), [neural-networks]() ### AI overview This tutorial introduces artificial neural networks through Frank Rosenblatt's perceptron. It explains how a single perceptron can be trained to mimic the AND, OR, and NOT logical functions, then examines its inability to learn XOR as motivation for multilayer neural networks. ### Source excerpt Generative AI tools like ChatGPT and Midjournery are able to replicate (and often exceed) human-like performance on tasks like taking exams, generating text and making art. Even to seasoned programmers, their abilities can seem magical. But, obviously, there is no magic. These things are "just" artificial neural networks - circuits inspired by the architecture of biological brains. An AI-imagined image of a neural network (Midjourney) In fact, much like real brains, when broken down to their building blocks, these systems can seem "impossibly simple" relative to what they achieve. (Modern computing is also magical in that sense, in that all of what computers are able to do reduces to simple logical building blocks - gates that calculate basic operations with truth values, such as AND, OR and NOT.) The purpose of this article is to give programmers without much exposure to machine learning an understanding of the key building block powering generative AI: the artificial neuron. Toward that end, this article has three goals: to implement a perceptron - the simplest artificial neuron; to train perceptrons how to mimic AND, OR and NOT; and to describe the leap to full-fledged neural networks. Click here to read the rest of the article ## Google's Fully Homomorphic Encryption Compiler -- A Primer DevFeed: [Google's Fully Homomorphic Encryption Compiler -- A Primer]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Published: 2023-02-13T11:34:01Z Content type: article Language: en Sources: [Jeremy Kun]() Topics: [homomorphic encryption](), [FHE](), [C++](), [Compiler](), [Google](), [GitHub](), [Open Source](), [toolchain]() Tags: [c-plus-plus](), [circuit](), [compiler](), [encryption](), [fhe](), [github](), [google](), [homomorphic-encryption](), [how-to](), [open-source](), [toolchains]() ### AI overview This primer introduces Google's open-source fully homomorphic encryption compiler for C++. It explains how the compiler transforms supported plaintext C++ programs into programs that operate on encrypted data, and briefly discusses its internals, optimization passes, and circuit-based toolchain model. ### Source excerpt Back in May of 2022 I transferred teams at Google to work on Fully Homomorphic Encryption (newsletter announcement). Since then I've been working on a variety of projects in the space, including being the primary maintainer on github.com/google/fully-homomorphic-encryption, which is an open source FHE compiler for C++. This article will be an introduction to how to use it to compile programs to FHE, as well as a quick overview of its internals. ## Functional programming in Kotlin with Arrow.kt DevFeed: [Functional programming in Kotlin with Arrow.kt]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Author: Simon Vergauwen Published: 2021-12-05T00:00:00Z Content type: article Language: en Sources: [nomisRev]() Topics: [Kotlin](), [Functional programming](), [Ktor](), [Microservice](), [Programming]() Tags: [circuit](), [effect](), [either](), [functional-programming](), [kotlin](), [ktor](), [microservices](), [patterns](), [programming](), [suspend](), [validation](), [webinar]() ### AI overview A webinar discusses functional microservices with Ktor and Arrow in Kotlin, including retries with circuit breakers and schedulers, validation, optics, and analysis. ### Source excerpt Webinar with Anton Arhipov & Alejandro Serrano about functional microservices with Ktor and Arrow. ## Your Circuit Breaker is Misconfigured DevFeed: [Your Circuit Breaker is Misconfigured]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Author: Damian Polan Published: 2020-02-18T20:28:00Z Content type: tutorial Language: en Sources: [Shopify Engineering](), [Shopify Engineering - Shopify Engineering]() Topics: [configuration](), [App](), [Redis](), [Exception](), [Library](), [Netflix]() Tags: [capacity](), [circuit](), [configuration](), [customer-experience](), [exception](), [implementation](), [library](), [netflix](), [parameter](), [production](), [queue](), [redis](), [thread](), [timeout]() ### AI overview This article explains how misconfigured circuit breaker parameters can cause an application to fail under service outages. It uses Shopify's Semian Circuit Breaker to show how fallbacks, timeouts, utilization, request queues, and worker capacity affect resilience, with Hystrix by Netflix mentioned as another circuit breaker library. ### Source excerpt Learn to predict how your application will behave in times of failure and how to configure every parameter for your Semian circuit breaker. ## Zero Knowledge Proofs for NP DevFeed: [Zero Knowledge Proofs for NP]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Published: 2016-08-01T08:00:53Z Content type: tutorial Language: en Sources: [Jeremy Kun]() Topics: [Zero-knowledge proof](), [zero-knowledge](), [Cryptography](), [Algorithms](), [Code]() Tags: [algorithm](), [boolean](), [circuit](), [computational-complexity](), [cryptography](), [graph-isomorphism](), [interactive](), [mathematics](), [np](), [np-hard](), [one-way-functions](), [programming](), [python](), [random-number-generators](), [variables](), [zero-knowledge]() ### AI overview This tutorial explains how zero-knowledge proofs extend beyond graph isomorphism to problems in NP, using cryptography to let a prover convince a verifier without revealing the secret knowledge behind the claim. It introduces examples including boolean formulas, subset sums, graph 3-coloring, and boolean circuits, and describes an implementation of a proof for graph 3-colorability. ### Source excerpt Last time, we saw a specific zero-knowledge proof for graph isomorphism. This introduced us to the concept of an interactive proof, where you have a prover and a verifier sending messages back and forth, and the prover is trying to prove a specific claim to the verifier. A zero-knowledge proof is a special kind of interactive proof in which the prover has some secret piece of knowledge that makes it very easy to verify a disputed claim is true. ## Concrete Examples of Quantum Gates DevFeed: [Concrete Examples of Quantum Gates]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Published: 2016-01-11T14:05:22Z Content type: tutorial Language: en Sources: [Jeremy Kun]() Topics: [circuit]() Tags: [circuit](), [circuits](), [linear-maps](), [mathematics](), [matrices](), [python](), [quantum](), [quantum-computing]() ### AI overview A quantum-computing tutorial explains how local quantum gates affect the full state vector of a multi-qubit register, using a three-qubit swap-gate example. ### Source excerpt So far in this series we've seen a lot of motivation and defined basic ideas of what a quantum circuit is. But on rereading my posts, I think we would all benefit from some concreteness. "Local" operations So by now we've understood that quantum circuits consist of a sequence of gates $ A_1, \dots, A_k$, where each $ A_i$ is an 8-by-8 matrix that operates "locally" on some choice of three (or fewer) qubits. ## The Quantum Bit DevFeed: [The Quantum Bit]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Published: 2014-12-15T10:00:52Z Content type: tutorial Language: en Sources: [Jeremy Kun]() Topics: [Quantum Computing](), [Computing](), [circuit]() Tags: [bits](), [circuit](), [circuits](), [complex-numbers](), [computing](), [linear-algebra](), [mathematics](), [measurement](), [quantum](), [quantum-computing](), [quantum-mechanics](), [qubit](), [unitary-matrices]() ### AI overview An introduction to quantum computing that extends classical circuit concepts to qubits. It defines a qubit as a unit vector in the complex plane of two dimensions and explains why extracting information from qubits differs from reading classical bits. ### Source excerpt The best place to start our journey through quantum computing is to recall how classical computing works and try to extend it. Since our final quantum computing model will be a circuit model, we should informally discuss circuits first. A circuit has three parts: the "inputs," which are bits (either zero or one); the "gates," which represent the lowest-level computations we perform on bits; and the "wires," which connect the outputs of gates to the inputs of other gates. ## A Motivation for Quantum Computing DevFeed: [A Motivation for Quantum Computing]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Published: 2014-12-08T10:00:48Z Content type: article Language: en Sources: [Jeremy Kun]() Topics: [Quantum Computing](), [circuit](), [Computing](), [quantum mechanics]() Tags: [circuit](), [computing](), [experiments](), [mathematics](), [physics](), [quantum](), [quantum-computing](), [quantum-mechanics](), [unitary-matrices]() ### AI overview This article motivates the study of quantum computing by connecting quantum mechanics with the quantum circuit, a computing model that extends the classical Turing-machine perspective. It argues for teaching quantum mechanics from its conceptual core, including amplitudes and generalized probability. ### Source excerpt Quantum mechanics is one of the leading scientific theories describing the rules that govern the universe. It's discovery and formulation was one of the most important revolutions in the history of mankind, contributing in no small part to the invention of the transistor and the laser. Here at Math ∩ Programming we don't put too much emphasis on physics or engineering, so it might seem curious to study quantum physics. But as the reader is likely aware, quantum mechanics forms the basis of one of the most interesting models of computing since the Turing machine: the quantum circuit. ## Building a Debounced Keyboard with an Arduino Leonardo DevFeed: [Building a Debounced Keyboard with an Arduino Leonardo]() Original publisher: [Read original article]() Author: Marc Plano-Lesay Published: 2014-05-04T21:03:16Z Content type: tutorial Language: en Sources: [Marc Plano-Lesay]() Topics: [Arduino](), [Code](), [API]() Tags: [arduino](), [arrays](), [circuit](), [functional](), [github](), [keyboard](), [state](), [stateful]() ### AI overview This tutorial explains how to use an Arduino Leonardo to emulate a keyboard with a joystick and arcade buttons. It develops the solution from a basic keyboard implementation to state tracking and button debouncing, while noting that the debounce delay may need adjustment for different buttons. ### Source excerpt The Leonardo has a simple keyboard API. I needed a way to emulate a keyboard (from a joystick and arcade buttons - you see where I'm going now). Here's how I did it.