# linearizable

Published articles for linearizable.

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## 【etcd】单 Raft 组与服务器角色：Leader、Follower、Learner 与 request 路由

DevFeed: [【etcd】单 Raft 组与服务器角色：Leader、Follower、Learner 与 request 路由](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-raft-leader-follower-learner-request-33984.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/02-single-raft/02-single-raft.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: article

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [gRPC](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/grpc.md>)

Tags: [apiserver](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apiserver.md>), [apply](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apply.md>), [atomic](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/atomic.md>), [commit](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/commit.md>), [compaction](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/compaction.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [etcdserver](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcdserver.md>), [follower](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/follower.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [leader](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/leader.md>), [learner](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/learner.md>), [linearizable](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/linearizable.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [request](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/request.md>), [single-raft-group](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/single-raft-group.md>), [v3](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3.md>), [v3-5](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5.md>), [v3-5-33](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5-33.md>), [wal](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/wal.md>), [watch](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/watch.md>)

### AI overview

This article explains how etcd v3.5.33 embeds a single Raft group, separates EtcdServer responsibilities from the Raft library, and routes requests across Leader, Follower, and Learner roles. It covers gRPC write forwarding, linearizable and serializable reads, and the handling of watch, lease, and mutating requests.

### Source excerpt

钉清 etcd v3.5.33 单 Raft 组拓扑、EtcdServer 与 go.etcd.io/raft/v3 边界、Leader/Follower/Learner 角色及 gRPC 写读路由；与 distributed/13 分工。

## 【etcd】读路径与一致性：ReadIndex、Serializable 与 Lease read

DevFeed: [【etcd】读路径与一致性：ReadIndex、Serializable 与 Lease read](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-readindex-serializable-lease-read-33990.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/08-read-consistency/08-read-consistency.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: tutorial

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [consensus algorithm](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/consensus-algorithm.md>), [Kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/kubernetes.md>)

Tags: [consistency](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/consistency.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [follower](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/follower.md>), [k8s](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/k8s.md>), [keepalive](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/keepalive.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [lease](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/lease.md>), [linearizable](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/linearizable.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [readindex](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/readindex.md>), [resourceversion](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/resourceversion.md>), [revision](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/revision.md>), [serializable](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/serializable.md>), [ttl](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/ttl.md>), [v3-5](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5.md>), [v3-5-33](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5-33.md>)

### AI overview

This tutorial explains read consistency in etcd v3.5.33. It distinguishes default linearizable reads using ReadIndex, local Serializable reads that may be stale on followers, and Lease RPC reads handled by the leader outside the Raft log. It also discusses leader changes, apply-index waiting, follower forwarding, MVCC history reads, and implications for Kubernetes apiserver clients.

### Source excerpt

分列 etcd v3.5.33 三种读语义：默认线性一致读的 ReadIndex 循环、Serializable 本地读、Raft ReadOnlyLeaseBased 与不经 Raft 的 Lease 路径；follower 读风险与 K8s 期望。

## Consistency Models in Azure Cosmos DB: From Strong to Eventual

DevFeed: [Consistency Models in Azure Cosmos DB: From Strong to Eventual](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/consistency-models-in-azure-cosmos-db-from-strong-to-eventual-39561.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://ankit-rana.com/logs/09-cosmosdb-consistency-models/>)

Author: hello@ankit-rana.com

Published: 2026-03-16T00:00:00Z

Content type: article

Language: en

Sources: [Ankit Rana | Mechanical Sympathy](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/ankit-rana-mechanical-sympathy.md>)

Topics: [consistency](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/consistency.md>), [Databases](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/databases.md>), [Availability](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/availability.md>), [Latency](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/latency.md>), [Replication](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/replication.md>), [Azure](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/azure.md>)

Tags: [availability](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/availability.md>), [cloud-architecture](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/cloud-architecture.md>), [consistency](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/consistency.md>), [cosmosdb](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/cosmosdb.md>), [database-design](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/database-design.md>), [databases](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/databases.md>), [distributed-systems](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed-systems.md>), [latency](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/latency.md>), [linearizable](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/linearizable.md>), [pacelc](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/pacelc.md>), [replication](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/replication.md>), [semantics](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/semantics.md>), [system-design](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/system-design.md>)

### AI overview

This article explains how Azure Cosmos DB uses five consistency levels to expose PACELC trade-offs between consistency, availability, latency, and read freshness. It describes Strong consistency, bounded staleness, and Session consistency, including their operational trade-offs and suitable use cases.

### Source excerpt

Cosmos DB exposes the PACELC trade-off as five explicit levels instead of forcing a strong-or-eventual choice. Strong gives linearizable reads at the cost of write latency and availability. Session, the practical default for user-facing apps, gives read-your-writes within a session via per-partition session tokens while staying highly available.