# Raft

Published articles for Raft.

This is one page of public article previews, not the complete archive. Follow Next page to continue. Summaries are not the original full articles.

## 【kube-apiserver】选型收束与开放问题：排除树、Kine 与 events 分集群

DevFeed: [【kube-apiserver】选型收束与开放问题：排除树、Kine 与 events 分集群](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/kube-apiserver-kine-events-33972.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/apiserver/16-selection/16-selection.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-28T00:00:00Z

Content type: tutorial

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [Kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/kubernetes.md>), [Caching](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/caching.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [SQL](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/sql.md>), [MySQL](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/mysql.md>), [PostgreSQL](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/postgresql.md>), [SQLite](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/sqlite.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>)

Tags: [apiserver](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apiserver.md>), [churn](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/churn.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [errcompacted](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/errcompacted.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [events](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/events.md>), [exclusion-tree](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/exclusion-tree.md>), [kine](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kine.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [mysql](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mysql.md>), [open-questions](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/open-questions.md>), [postgresql](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/postgresql.md>), [quota](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/quota.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [selection](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/selection.md>), [sql](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/sql.md>), [sqlite](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/sqlite.md>), [storage](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/storage.md>), [ttl](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/ttl.md>), [v1-30-3](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v1-30-3.md>), [watch-cache](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/watch-cache.md>)

### AI overview

This concluding article presents a mechanism-based decision tree for diagnosing Kubernetes control-plane issues across kube-apiserver and etcd layers. It explains Kine's differing Watch semantics when using SQLite, PostgreSQL, or MySQL backends, discusses routing Kubernetes Events to a separate etcd cluster, and identifies open questions around watch-cache SLOs, compaction, linear reads, and Lease fencing.

### Source excerpt

用机制排除树收束何时查 apiserver 轴、何时穿透 etcd 轴、何时两轴联查；回收 etcd/13 写下的 apiserver 停损线；Kine SQL backend 的 Watch 语义差与 Jepsen 覆盖空白；events --etcd-servers-overrides 分集群运维；列出 watch cache SLO 联合模型、线性读期望与 Lease+fencing 全链路三个开放问题；以 ADR 语言关闭系列边界。

## 【kube-apiserver】storage.Interface 与 etcd3：codec、prefix 与 CRUD 路径

DevFeed: [【kube-apiserver】storage.Interface 与 etcd3：codec、prefix 与 CRUD 路径](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/kube-apiserver-storage-interface-etcd3-codec-prefix-crud-33959.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/apiserver/03-storage-etcd3/03-storage-etcd3.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-28T00:00:00Z

Content type: tutorial

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [Kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/kubernetes.md>), [API](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/api.md>), [Encryption](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/encryption.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>)

Tags: [api](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/api.md>), [apiserver](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apiserver.md>), [codec](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/codec.md>), [crud](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/crud.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [encryption](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/encryption.md>), [encryption-at-rest](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/encryption-at-rest.md>), [etcd3](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd3.md>), [guaranteed-update](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/guaranteed-update.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [optimistic-concurrency](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/optimistic-concurrency.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [rest](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/rest.md>), [storage](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/storage.md>), [v1-30-3](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v1-30-3.md>)

### AI overview

This tutorial explains how kube-apiserver's storage.Interface integrates with the etcd3 backend in Kubernetes v1.30.3. It covers key prefixes, codec serialization, value transformation and encryption-at-rest boundaries, optimistic concurrency through GuaranteedUpdate and transactions, and the mapping from etcd3 watch streams to apiserver events.

### Source excerpt

拆解 kube-apiserver 的 storage.Interface 契约与 etcd3 实现：codec 序列化、pathPrefix/resourcePrefix、value.Transformer 加密边界、GuaranteedUpdate 乐观并发，以及 Watch 到 etcd3 的完整路径。版本锚定 Kubernetes v1.30.3 / etcd v3.5.33。

## 【etcd】MVCC 数据模型：Revision、keyIndex 与 generation

DevFeed: [【etcd】MVCC 数据模型：Revision、keyIndex 与 generation](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-mvcc-revision-keyindex-generation-33986.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/04-mvcc-model/04-mvcc-model.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: tutorial

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [Kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/kubernetes.md>)

Tags: [compaction](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/compaction.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [generation](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/generation.md>), [keyindex](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/keyindex.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [mvcc](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mvcc.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [revision](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/revision.md>), [treeindex](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/treeindex.md>), [v3](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3.md>), [v3-5](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5.md>), [v3-5-33](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5-33.md>), [watch](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/watch.md>)

### AI overview

This article analyzes etcd v3.5.33's MVCC data model through three concepts: globally ordered revisions, keyIndex generations that track key lifecycles, and the division of responsibilities between the in-memory treeIndex and the bbolt backend. It explains how these structures support historical Watch replay, transaction comparisons, compaction, and Kubernetes resourceVersion semantics, while distinguishing etcd revisions from Raft indexes.

### Source excerpt

拆解 etcd v3.5.33 的 Revision (main, sub) 全序、keyIndex/generation 生命周期与 treeIndex 分工；简要对照 v2 平面键空间，交代 MVCC 与 Watch/compaction 的语义基础。

## 【etcd】bbolt 后端：mmap、batch 与单写者约束

DevFeed: [【etcd】bbolt 后端：mmap、batch 与单写者约束](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-bbolt-mmap-batch-33987.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/05-bbolt-backend/05-bbolt-backend.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: tutorial

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Databases](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/databases.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>)

Tags: [apply](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apply.md>), [backend](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/backend.md>), [batch](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/batch.md>), [bbolt](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/bbolt.md>), [commit](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/commit.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [mmap](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mmap.md>), [mvcc](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mvcc.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [v3-5](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5.md>), [v3-5-33](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5-33.md>)

### AI overview

This article explains how etcd v3.5.33 maps its MVCC storage model onto the bbolt backend. It covers bucket layout, mmap behavior, buffered batch commits, read and write transaction concurrency, and how bbolt's single-writer constraint shapes apply and linearizable reads.

### Source excerpt

钉清 etcd v3.5.33 的 bbolt 后端：bucket 布局、mmap 预映射、100ms/10000 条 batch commit、ConcurrentReadTx 与单写者如何约束 MVCC 读写并发。

## 【etcd】生产全景：缺口、五轴坐标系与 16 篇路线

DevFeed: [【etcd】生产全景：缺口、五轴坐标系与 16 篇路线](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-16-33983.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/01-production-overview/01-production-overview.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: article

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/kubernetes.md>)

Tags: [control-plane](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/control-plane.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [lease](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/lease.md>), [mvcc](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mvcc.md>), [overview](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/overview.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [v3-5](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5.md>), [v3-5-33](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5-33.md>), [wal](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/wal.md>), [watch](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/watch.md>)

### AI overview

This article positions an etcd production series by identifying gaps in existing coverage and defining five troubleshooting axes spanning Raft consensus, WAL persistence and recovery, MVCC storage and capacity, Watch behavior, and Lease handling. It anchors the series to etcd v3.5.33 and points to Kubernetes control-plane coupling and a 16-article reading route.

### Source excerpt

相对 distributed/50、39、13 钉清 etcd 生产内核缺口；定义 Raft/WAL/MVCC/Watch/Lease 五轴排障坐标系，给出 16 篇阅读路线与 K8s 控制面耦合指针。版本锚定 v3.5.33。

## 【etcd】Lease 与 KeepAlive：TTL、checkpoint 与 Leader 切换

DevFeed: [【etcd】Lease 与 KeepAlive：TTL、checkpoint 与 Leader 切换](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-lease-keepalive-ttl-checkpoint-leader-33992.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/10-lease/10-lease.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: tutorial

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [Kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/kubernetes.md>), [Remote Procedure Call (RPC)](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/rpc.md>)

Tags: [api](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/api.md>), [checkpoint](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/checkpoint.md>), [client](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/client.md>), [concurrency](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/concurrency.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [follower](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/follower.md>), [k8s](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/k8s.md>), [keepalive](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/keepalive.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [lease](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/lease.md>), [lessor](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/lessor.md>), [primary](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/primary.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [ttl](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/ttl.md>), [v3](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3.md>), [v3-5-33](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5-33.md>), [watch](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/watch.md>)

### AI overview

This article explains etcd v3.5.33 lease behavior, focusing on the lessor's primary, demote, and promote roles, the KeepAlive renewal path that normally bypasses Raft, lease checkpointing, and TTL changes during leader transitions. It also discusses implications for Kubernetes Node Leases and distributed locks.

### Source excerpt

钉 etcd v3.5.33 lessor 的 primary/demote/promote、KeepAlive 不经 Raft 的 Renew 路径、LeaseCheckpoint 与 Promote 时 TTL 展期，以及 Leader 切换对 Node Lease 的排障落格。

## 【etcd】运维与升级：member change、backup/restore 与 3.5-\>3.6/3.7 门

DevFeed: [【etcd】运维与升级：member change、backup/restore 与 3.5-\>3.6/3.7 门](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-member-change-backup-restore-3-5-3-6-3-7-33996.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/14-ops-upgrade/14-ops-upgrade.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: tutorial

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [upgrade](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/upgrade.md>), [Kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/kubernetes.md>), [migration](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/migration.md>)

Tags: [backup](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/backup.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [learner](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/learner.md>), [member-change](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/member-change.md>), [migration](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/migration.md>), [operations](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/operations.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [recovery](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/recovery.md>), [restore](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/restore.md>), [snapshot](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/snapshot.md>), [upgrade](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/upgrade.md>), [v3](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3.md>), [v3-5](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5.md>), [v3-5-33](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5-33.md>), [v3-6](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-6.md>), [v3-7](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-7.md>)

### AI overview

A Chinese-language operational guide to etcd v3.5.33 covering member replacement and learner promotion, live snapshot backup and restore, Kubernetes control-plane recovery, patch upgrades, and documented upgrade gates from etcd 3.5 to 3.6 and 3.7.

### Source excerpt

member add/remove/replace 与 learner promote 检查单；snapshot backup/restore 及 K8s 语境 revision bump；3.5.33 补丁线与 3.6/3.7 官方升级门禁项，不超前写未钉 tag 能力。

## 【etcd】Watch 机制：watchableStore、synced/unsynced 与 ErrCompacted

DevFeed: [【etcd】Watch 机制：watchableStore、synced/unsynced 与 ErrCompacted](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-watch-watchablestore-synced-unsynced-errcompacted-33991.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/09-watch/09-watch.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: tutorial

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [Remote Procedure Call (RPC)](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/rpc.md>), [Kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/kubernetes.md>)

Tags: [apiserver](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apiserver.md>), [apply](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apply.md>), [compaction](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/compaction.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [errcompacted](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/errcompacted.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [io](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/io.md>), [k8s](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/k8s.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [lag](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/lag.md>), [leader](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/leader.md>), [lease](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/lease.md>), [mvcc](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mvcc.md>), [notify](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/notify.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [range](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/range.md>), [restore](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/restore.md>), [revision](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/revision.md>), [rpc](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/rpc.md>), [v3-5](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5.md>), [v3-5-33](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5-33.md>), [watch](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/watch.md>), [watchablestore](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/watchablestore.md>)

### AI overview

This article examines the etcd v3.5.33 watchableStore implementation, including synced and unsynced watcher groups, victims caused by backpressure, Apply-time notification, historical synchronization, and the ErrCompacted client resynchronization boundary. It also discusses event ordering, follower watch progress, and interactions with Kubernetes apiserver watch caches.

### Source excerpt

钉 etcd v3.5.33 watchableStore 的 synced/unsynced/victims 三分法、Apply 后 notify 与历史追赶 syncWatchersLoop，以及 CompactRevision 触发 ErrCompacted 时的客户端重同步边界。

## 【etcd】treeIndex 与 Apply 管道：propose -\> commit -\> apply

DevFeed: [【etcd】treeIndex 与 Apply 管道：propose -\> commit -\> apply](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-treeindex-apply-propose-commit-apply-33988.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/06-apply-pipeline/06-apply-pipeline.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: tutorial

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [Back end](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/backend.md>)

Tags: [applied-index](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/applied-index.md>), [apply](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apply.md>), [backend](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/backend.md>), [bbolt](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/bbolt.md>), [commit](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/commit.md>), [compaction](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/compaction.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [index](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/index.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [mvcc](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mvcc.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [range](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/range.md>), [recovery](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/recovery.md>), [revision](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/revision.md>), [store](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/store.md>), [treeindex](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/treeindex.md>), [txn](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/txn.md>), [v3-5](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5.md>), [wal](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/wal.md>), [watch](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/watch.md>)

### AI overview

This tutorial explains the etcd v3.5.33 apply pipeline from Raft commit to MVCC application. It covers the separation between propose, commit, and apply; the roles of treeIndex and bbolt; consistent-index updates; watch notification timing; and troubleshooting committed-versus-applied lag.

### Source excerpt

走读 etcd v3.5.33 从 Raft commit 到 MVCC apply 的串行管道：treeIndex 与 bbolt 分工、consistent index、watchableStore 通知触发点，以及 committed/applied 分列排障。

## 【etcd】单 Raft 组与服务器角色：Leader、Follower、Learner 与 request 路由

DevFeed: [【etcd】单 Raft 组与服务器角色：Leader、Follower、Learner 与 request 路由](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-raft-leader-follower-learner-request-33984.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/02-single-raft/02-single-raft.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: article

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [gRPC](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/grpc.md>)

Tags: [apiserver](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apiserver.md>), [apply](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apply.md>), [atomic](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/atomic.md>), [commit](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/commit.md>), [compaction](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/compaction.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [etcdserver](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcdserver.md>), [follower](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/follower.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [leader](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/leader.md>), [learner](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/learner.md>), [linearizable](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/linearizable.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [request](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/request.md>), [single-raft-group](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/single-raft-group.md>), [v3](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3.md>), [v3-5](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5.md>), [v3-5-33](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5-33.md>), [wal](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/wal.md>), [watch](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/watch.md>)

### AI overview

This article explains how etcd v3.5.33 embeds a single Raft group, separates EtcdServer responsibilities from the Raft library, and routes requests across Leader, Follower, and Learner roles. It covers gRPC write forwarding, linearizable and serializable reads, and the handling of watch, lease, and mutating requests.

### Source excerpt

钉清 etcd v3.5.33 单 Raft 组拓扑、EtcdServer 与 go.etcd.io/raft/v3 边界、Leader/Follower/Learner 角色及 gRPC 写读路由；与 distributed/13 分工。

## 【etcd】Txn 与并发语义：compare/mod 与 Jepsen 边界

DevFeed: [【etcd】Txn 与并发语义：compare/mod 与 Jepsen 边界](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-txn-compare-mod-jepsen-33993.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/11-txn-semantics/11-txn-semantics.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: tutorial

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [version](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/version.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [API](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/api.md>)

Tags: [bug](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/bug.md>), [compare](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/compare.md>), [concurrency](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/concurrency.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [jepsen](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/jepsen.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [mvcc](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mvcc.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [serializable](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/serializable.md>), [txn](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/txn.md>), [v3-5](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5.md>), [v3-5-33](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5-33.md>), [version](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/version.md>)

### AI overview

This article examines etcd v3.5.33 transaction semantics, including compare operations, nested transactions, MVCC visibility, ReadIndex behavior, and Raft-based atomic application. It distinguishes the design goals of the KV transaction path from the Lease session-lock path and carefully limits Jepsen evidence to etcd 3.4.3 rather than claiming an independent 3.5.33 rerun.

### Source excerpt

钉 etcd v3.5.33 Txn 的 compareToPath、MOD/CREATE/VERSION 比较与写 Txn 的 Raft 单槽 apply，并对照 Jepsen 3.4.3 的 strict-serializable 与 Lease 锁不安全子集。

## 【etcd】选型收束与开放问题：排除树与系列边界关闭

DevFeed: [【etcd】选型收束与开放问题：排除树与系列边界关闭](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-33998.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/16-selection/16-selection.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: article

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [Kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/kubernetes.md>)

Tags: [apiserver](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apiserver.md>), [backup](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/backup.md>), [compaction](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/compaction.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [exclusion-tree](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/exclusion-tree.md>), [foundationdb](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/foundationdb.md>), [guide](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/guide.md>), [k8s](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/k8s.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [lease](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/lease.md>), [open-questions](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/open-questions.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [selection](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/selection.md>), [tikv](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/tikv.md>), [v3](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3.md>), [v3-5-33](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5-33.md>), [zookeeper](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/zookeeper.md>)

### AI overview

This concluding article presents a mechanism-based decision tree for deciding when to retain etcd and when to migrate to TiKV or FoundationDB. It defines etcd's fit for small data sets with Watch and Lease dependencies, identifies disqualifying conditions such as quota pressure, sharding needs, cross-key transactions, Watch backpressure, and insufficient operational capacity, and clarifies the boundaries between related article series.

### Source excerpt

用机制排除树收束何时该留 etcd、何时迁 TiKV/FDB/ZK；回收 distributed/39、tikv-htap/18、foundationdb/18 的 etcd 叶；列出 Watch 背压、Lease+fencing、quota 迁移等开放问题；以 ADR 语言关闭续作边界。

## 【etcd】读路径与一致性：ReadIndex、Serializable 与 Lease read

DevFeed: [【etcd】读路径与一致性：ReadIndex、Serializable 与 Lease read](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-readindex-serializable-lease-read-33990.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/08-read-consistency/08-read-consistency.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: tutorial

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [consensus algorithm](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/consensus-algorithm.md>), [Kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/kubernetes.md>)

Tags: [consistency](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/consistency.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [follower](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/follower.md>), [k8s](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/k8s.md>), [keepalive](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/keepalive.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [lease](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/lease.md>), [linearizable](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/linearizable.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [readindex](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/readindex.md>), [resourceversion](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/resourceversion.md>), [revision](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/revision.md>), [serializable](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/serializable.md>), [ttl](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/ttl.md>), [v3-5](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5.md>), [v3-5-33](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5-33.md>)

### AI overview

This tutorial explains read consistency in etcd v3.5.33. It distinguishes default linearizable reads using ReadIndex, local Serializable reads that may be stale on followers, and Lease RPC reads handled by the leader outside the Raft log. It also discusses leader changes, apply-index waiting, follower forwarding, MVCC history reads, and implications for Kubernetes apiserver clients.

### Source excerpt

分列 etcd v3.5.33 三种读语义：默认线性一致读的 ReadIndex 循环、Serializable 本地读、Raft ReadOnlyLeaseBased 与不经 Raft 的 Lease 路径；follower 读风险与 K8s 期望。

## 【etcd】排障五轴：Raft/WAL/MVCC/Watch/Lease 口令表

DevFeed: [【etcd】排障五轴：Raft/WAL/MVCC/Watch/Lease 口令表](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-raft-wal-mvcc-watch-lease-33997.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/15-troubleshoot/15-troubleshoot.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: tutorial

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/kubernetes.md>)

Tags: [apiserver](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apiserver.md>), [applied-index](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/applied-index.md>), [apply](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apply.md>), [committed-index](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/committed-index.md>), [compaction](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/compaction.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [errcompacted](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/errcompacted.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [five-axes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/five-axes.md>), [incident](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/incident.md>), [keepalive](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/keepalive.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [lag](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/lag.md>), [lease](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/lease.md>), [mvcc](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mvcc.md>), [node-lease](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/node-lease.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [restore](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/restore.md>), [troubleshooting](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/troubleshooting.md>), [ttl](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/ttl.md>), [v3](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3.md>), [v3-5](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5.md>), [v3-5-33](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5-33.md>), [wal](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/wal.md>), [watch](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/watch.md>)

### AI overview

This troubleshooting article organizes etcd failures into five diagnostic axes: Raft consensus, WAL persistence and recovery, MVCC storage and capacity, Watch client synchronization, and Lease TTL semantics. It maps symptoms to axes, explains relevant etcdctl health and status fields, and notes Kubernetes control-plane relationships, including apiserver and Node Lease behavior. The article is anchored to etcd v3.5.33.

### Source excerpt

按 Raft、WAL、MVCC、Watch、Lease 五轴做症状否证；解释 etcdctl endpoint status/health 字段语义；并对照 K8s 控制面 apiserver 超时与 Node Lease 漂移。

## 【etcd】Kubernetes 控制面耦合：apiserver、resourceVersion 与 Node Lease

DevFeed: [【etcd】Kubernetes 控制面耦合：apiserver、resourceVersion 与 Node Lease](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-kubernetes-apiserver-resourceversion-node-lease-33995.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/13-k8s-coupling/13-k8s-coupling.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: tutorial

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/kubernetes.md>), [API](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/api.md>), [Cache](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/cache.md>)

Tags: [api](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/api.md>), [apiserver](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apiserver.md>), [cache](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/cache.md>), [control-plane](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/control-plane.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [lease](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/lease.md>), [mvcc](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mvcc.md>), [node-lease](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/node-lease.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [resourceversion](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/resourceversion.md>), [v3-5-33](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5-33.md>), [watch](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/watch.md>), [watch-cache](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/watch-cache.md>)

### AI overview

This article explains how Kubernetes control-plane components interact with etcd. It covers the kube-apiserver boundary, the mapping of resourceVersion to etcd mod revision, Node Lease storage, watch cache behavior, and how compaction, caching, and event sharding affect troubleshooting and etcd load.

### Source excerpt

钉 kube-apiserver 与 etcd 的分层边界；resourceVersion 如何映射 Revision MVCC；Node Lease 如何落在 Lease 轴；以及 apiserver 超时应如何分列到 Raft/Watch/Quota 五轴。

## 【etcd】Compaction、Defrag 与容量：quota、alarm 与 SLO

DevFeed: [【etcd】Compaction、Defrag 与容量：quota、alarm 与 SLO](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-compaction-defrag-quota-alarm-slo-33994.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/etcd/12-compaction-quota/12-compaction-quota.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-08-26T00:00:00Z

Content type: tutorial

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [Kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/kubernetes.md>)

Tags: [alarm](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/alarm.md>), [bbolt](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/bbolt.md>), [benchmark](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/benchmark.md>), [compaction](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/compaction.md>), [defrag](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/defrag.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [errcompacted](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/errcompacted.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [follower](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/follower.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [lag](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/lag.md>), [leader](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/leader.md>), [mvcc](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mvcc.md>), [nospace](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/nospace.md>), [performance](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/performance.md>), [quota](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/quota.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [resourceversion](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/resourceversion.md>), [v3](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3.md>), [v3-5](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5.md>), [v3-5-33](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/v3-5-33.md>), [watch](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/watch.md>)

### AI overview

This technical article explains how etcd v3.5.33 compaction, defragmentation, quota handling, and the NOSPACE alarm interact. It distinguishes revision-history removal from bbolt file reclamation, describes periodic and revision-based auto-compaction, and connects retention, quota, defrag pauses, and Watch or Kubernetes control-plane behavior to operational SLOs.

### Source excerpt

钉 etcd v3.5.33 MVCC compaction 与 bbolt defrag 的分工、auto-compaction 保留窗口、quota-backend-bytes 与 NOSPACE alarm 写入门，以及 ErrCompacted 如何写进 Watch SLO。

## Multi-region high availability for Kafka workloads with a single Stretch Cluster

DevFeed: [Multi-region high availability for Kafka workloads with a single Stretch Cluster](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/multi-region-high-availability-for-kafka-workloads-with-a-single-stretch-cluster-12718.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://www.redpanda.com/blog/multi-region-high-availability-kafka-stretch-clusters>)

Author: David Yu

Published: 2026-08-11T00:00:00Z

Content type: article

Language: en

Sources: [Redpanda](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/redpanda.md>)

Topics: [Kafka](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/kafka.md>), [Kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/kubernetes.md>), [Availability](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/availability.md>), [Replication](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/replication.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [Resilience](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/resilience.md>), [stream-processing](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/stream-processing.md>)

Tags: [clusters](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/clusters.md>), [k8s](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/k8s.md>), [kafka](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kafka.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [release](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/release.md>), [replication](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/replication.md>), [resilience](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/resilience.md>), [stream-processing](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/stream-processing.md>)

### AI overview

Redpanda Operator 26.2 introduces generally available Stretch Clusters, allowing one logical Redpanda cluster to span multiple Kubernetes clusters and regions. The release provides synchronous replication with Raft-based automatic failover, safer broker rolling restarts, Redpanda Connect pipelines as Kubernetes resources, and Gateway API support for Redpanda Console.

### Source excerpt

Redpanda Operator 26.2 brings GA Stretch Clusters for multi-region replication, Redpanda Connect pipelines as K8s resources, Gateway API support, and safer rolling restarts.

## 【TiKV / HTAP 内核】Region - Multi-Raft - PD - Percolator - TiFlash

DevFeed: [【TiKV / HTAP 内核】Region - Multi-Raft - PD - Percolator - TiFlash](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/tikv-htap-region-multi-raft-pd-percolator-tiflash-33977.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/db/tikv-htap/index.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-07-16T00:00:00Z

Content type: article

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [rocksdb](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/rocksdb.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [SQL](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/sql.md>), [CockroachDB](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/cockroachdb.md>), [Databases](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/databases.md>)

Tags: [database](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/database.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [distributed-kv](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed-kv.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [htap](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/htap.md>), [learner](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/learner.md>), [multi-raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/multi-raft.md>), [pd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/pd.md>), [percolator](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/percolator.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [range](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/range.md>), [region](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/region.md>), [rocksdb](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/rocksdb.md>), [snapshot](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/snapshot.md>), [split](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/split.md>), [sql](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/sql.md>), [storage](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/storage.md>), [tidb](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/tidb.md>), [tiflash](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/tiflash.md>), [tikv](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/tikv.md>), [tso](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/tso.md>)

### AI overview

This article series explains TiKV 7.x/8.x internals through Region modeling, Multi-Raft replication, raftstore apply, RocksDB column families, PD and TSO scheduling, Percolator transactions, coprocessor boundaries, and TiFlash Learner freshness. It also compares selected aspects with etcd and CockroachDB.

### Source excerpt

补齐 RocksDB 单 Region、Raft 协议与 HTAP 范式之间的工程链路：以 TiKV 7.x/8.x 拆解 Region、Multi-Raft、raftstore、PD/TSO 与 Percolator 事务，并以 TiFlash Learner 收束新鲜度；CockroachDB 对照与选型。

## Tiny robot boats build floating structures

DevFeed: [Tiny robot boats build floating structures](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/tiny-robot-boats-build-floating-structures-37983.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://news.mit.edu/2026/tiny-robot-boats-build-floating-structures-0709>)

Author: Rachel Gordon | MIT CSAIL

Published: 2026-07-09T15:50:00Z

Content type: news

Language: en

Sources: [MIT AI News](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/mit-ai-news.md>)

Topics: [Robotics](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/robotics.md>), [Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL)](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/computer-science-and-artificial-intelligence-laboratory-csail.md>), [Computer science](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/computer-science.md>)

Tags: [alejandro-gonzalez-garcia](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/alejandro-gonzalez-garcia.md>), [aquatic-robots](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/aquatic-robots.md>), [architecture](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/architecture.md>), [artificial-intelligence](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/artificial-intelligence.md>), [autonomous-vehicles](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/autonomous-vehicles.md>), [bioinspiration](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/bioinspiration.md>), [cities](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/cities.md>), [computer-science-and-artificial-intelligence-laboratory-csail](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/computer-science-and-artificial-intelligence-laboratory-csail.md>), [computer-science-and-technology](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/computer-science-and-technology.md>), [daniela-rus](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/daniela-rus.md>), [electrical-engineering-and-computer-science-eecs](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science-eecs.md>), [fire-ants](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/fire-ants.md>), [floatform](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/floatform.md>), [floating-infrastructure](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/floating-infrastructure.md>), [hybrid-coordination](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/hybrid-coordination.md>), [infrastructure](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/infrastructure.md>), [machine-learning](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/machine-learning.md>), [mit-csail](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mit-csail.md>), [mit-eecs](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mit-eecs.md>), [mit-schwarzman-college-of-computing](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mit-schwarzman-college-of-computing.md>), [mit-sea-grant](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mit-sea-grant.md>), [mit-sea-grant-program](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mit-sea-grant-program.md>), [mit-senseable-city-lab](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mit-senseable-city-lab.md>), [modular-robotic-boats](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/modular-robotic-boats.md>), [modular-self-reconfigurable-robots](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/modular-self-reconfigurable-robots.md>), [niklas-hagemann](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/niklas-hagemann.md>), [nonlinear-hydrodynamics](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/nonlinear-hydrodynamics.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [research](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/research.md>), [robot-boats](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/robot-boats.md>), [robot-self-assembly](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/robot-self-assembly.md>), [robotics](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/robotics.md>), [robots](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/robots.md>), [school-of-architecture-and-planning](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/school-of-architecture-and-planning.md>), [school-of-engineering](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/school-of-engineering.md>), [science](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/science.md>), [self-reconfiguration](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/self-reconfiguration.md>), [senseable-city-lab](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/senseable-city-lab.md>), [snap](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/snap.md>), [swarm](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/swarm.md>), [swarm-robots](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/swarm-robots.md>), [tiny](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/tiny.md>), [transportation](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/transportation.md>), [ultrasonic-beacon-system](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/ultrasonic-beacon-system.md>), [urban-studies-and-planning](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/urban-studies-and-planning.md>), [water](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/water.md>), [wei-wang](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/wei-wang.md>)

### AI overview

MIT researchers developed FloatForm, a swarm of small robotic boats that can assemble into reconfigurable structures on the water and later break apart and reassemble into new configurations with minimal human direction.

### Source excerpt

MIT researchers developed FloatForm, a swarm of small aquatic robots that snap together like ants forming a raft, assembling into reconfigurable structures on the water.

## Riding the Raft to Strong Consistency in ScyllaDB

DevFeed: [Riding the Raft to Strong Consistency in ScyllaDB](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/riding-the-raft-to-strong-consistency-in-scylladb-4866.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://www.scylladb.com/2026/06/24/raft-strong-consistency/>)

Author: Cynthia Dunlop

Published: 2026-06-24T16:51:27Z

Content type: article

Language: en

Sources: [ScyllaDB](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/scylladb.md>)

Topics: [data](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/data.md>)

Tags: [2026-2](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/2026-2.md>), [availability](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/availability.md>), [cassandra](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/cassandra.md>), [database](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/database.md>), [distributed-systems](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed-systems.md>), [engineering](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/engineering.md>), [performance](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/performance.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>)

### AI overview

The article explains ScyllaDB's use of per-tablet Raft groups to provide strong consistency while retaining parallelism. It contrasts this with ScyllaDB's Cassandra-compatible, eventually consistent model and discusses the tradeoffs among latency, availability, and consistency.

### Source excerpt

How ScyllaDB is using per-tablet Raft groups to bring strong consistency to data, without sacrificing the parallelism that makes it fast

## Coinbase trading outage exposed single-availability-zone dependency

DevFeed: [Coinbase trading outage exposed single-availability-zone dependency](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/reliability-fail-no-automated-zone-failover-for-coinbase-s-global-trading-service-40917.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://blog.pragmaticengineer.com/coinbase-fail/>)

Author: Gergely Orosz

Published: 2026-06-23T16:30:59Z

Content type: opinion

Language: en

Sources: [The Pragmatic Engineer](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/the-pragmatic-engineer-2.md>)

Topics: [coinbase](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/coinbase.md>), [reliability](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/reliability.md>), [Amazon Web Services](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/aws.md>), [Availability](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/availability.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [Latency](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/latency.md>)

Tags: [availability](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/availability.md>), [aws](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/aws.md>), [coinbase](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/coinbase.md>), [latency](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/latency.md>), [outage](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/outage.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [reliability](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/reliability.md>)

### AI overview

A commentary article examines a nearly 10-hour Coinbase trading outage that coincided with a regional AWS outage. It says Coinbase confirmed that its matching engine depended on a single availability zone, a design chosen to avoid inter-zone latency for its Raft-based replicated cluster.

### Source excerpt

Hi, this is Gergely with a bonus, free issue of the Pragmatic Engineer Newsletter. In every issue, I cover Big Tech and startups through the lens of senior engineers and engineering leaders. Today, we cover one out of four topics from this past The Pulse issue. Full subscribers received the

## Cloud Topics: Level Zero garbage collection

DevFeed: [Cloud Topics: Level Zero garbage collection](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/cloud-topics-level-zero-garbage-collection-12686.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://www.redpanda.com/blog/cloud-topics-level-zero-garbage-collection>)

Author: Oren Leiman

Published: 2026-05-19T00:00:00Z

Content type: article

Language: en

Sources: [Redpanda](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/redpanda.md>)

Topics: [Cloud](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/cloud.md>), [distributed-systems](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/distributed-systems.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [systems](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/systems.md>)

Tags: [architecture](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/architecture.md>), [atomic](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/atomic.md>), [cloud](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/cloud.md>), [distributed-systems](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed-systems.md>), [engineering](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/engineering.md>), [garbage-collection](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/garbage-collection.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [storage](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/storage.md>), [systems](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/systems.md>)

### AI overview

This article explains how Redpanda Cloud Topics safely garbage-collects temporary Level Zero (L0) objects after their data has been reorganized into Level One (L1) objects. It describes an epoch-based design and per-partition state for determining when L0 objects can be removed without data loss or unnecessary storage use.

### Source excerpt

How Redpanda Cloud Topics tracks the lifecycle of temporary L0 objects and determines when they're safe to delete, without risking data loss or runaway storage costs. Read more.

## Instrumenting AI: Multi-master replication and the split brain problem

DevFeed: [Instrumenting AI: Multi-master replication and the split brain problem](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/instrumenting-ai-multi-master-replication-and-the-split-brain-problem-39576.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://ankit-rana.com/logs/24-instrumenting-ai-multi-master-replication-split-brain/>)

Author: hello@ankit-rana.com

Published: 2026-05-17T00:00:00Z

Content type: article

Language: en

Sources: [Ankit Rana | Mechanical Sympathy](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/ankit-rana-mechanical-sympathy.md>)

Topics: [distributed-systems](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/distributed-systems.md>), [Databases](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/databases.md>), [AI Infrastructure](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/ai-infrastructure.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>), [Availability](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/availability.md>), [Network](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/network.md>)

Tags: [ai](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/ai.md>), [ai-infrastructure](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/ai-infrastructure.md>), [conflict-resolution](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/conflict-resolution.md>), [consensus](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/consensus.md>), [database](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/database.md>), [distributed-systems](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed-systems.md>), [network](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/network.md>), [partitions](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/partitions.md>), [paxos](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/paxos.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [split-brain](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/split-brain.md>)

### AI overview

The article explains how multi-master replication can produce split-brain behavior during network partitions. Both masters may accept conflicting writes, and reconciliation after the partition can discard valid data through last-write-wins rules. It presents Raft and Paxos quorum requirements as a way to prevent a second active brain.

### Source excerpt

In multi-master replication every node accepts writes, so when the network partitions both masters stay active and accept conflicting writes into isolated silos. On heal, automated conflict resolution usually falls back to last-write-wins, which blindly discards valid data. Raft and Paxos prevent this by requiring an odd node count and a strict majority: an isolated leader cannot reach quorum, so it steps down instead of forming a second brain.

## 【分布式系统百科】etcd 深度解剖：从 Watch 机制到 MVCC 存储引擎

DevFeed: [【分布式系统百科】etcd 深度解剖：从 Watch 机制到 MVCC 存储引擎](<https://devfeed.tech/articles/etcd-watch-mvcc-33979.md>)

Original publisher: [Read original article](<https://quant67.com/post/distributed/50-etcd/etcd.html>)

Author: Liao Tonglang

Published: 2026-04-13T00:00:00Z

Content type: article

Language: zh

Sources: [土法炼钢 - 系统与基础设施](<https://devfeed.tech/sources/source-4.md>)

Topics: [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/etcd.md>), [Kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/kubernetes.md>), [Raft](<https://devfeed.tech/topics/raft.md>)

Tags: [apiserver](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/apiserver.md>), [boltdb](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/boltdb.md>), [compaction](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/compaction.md>), [distributed](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed.md>), [distributed-coordination](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed-coordination.md>), [distributed-systems](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/distributed-systems.md>), [etcd](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/etcd.md>), [kubernetes](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/kubernetes.md>), [lease](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/lease.md>), [mvcc](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/mvcc.md>), [raft](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md>), [revision](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/revision.md>), [streaming](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/streaming.md>), [watch](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/watch.md>)

### AI overview

This article explains etcd's persistent Watch mechanism, revision-based event replay, MVCC storage, and its relationship with Raft and WAL. It also describes how Kubernetes components use etcd Watch events to propagate Deployment and Pod changes, and discusses compaction limits and recovery through full resynchronization.

### Source excerpt

深入剖析 etcd 的核心机制：持久化 Watch 与 Revision 追溯、Lease 租约机制、基于 BoltDB 的 MVCC 存储引擎、与 Raft 共识的联动方式，以及在 Kubernetes 中的关键角色。涵盖性能调优策略、容量限制与规模化方案。

[Next page](<https://devfeed.tech/tags/raft.md?cursor=WyIyMDI2LTA0LTEzVDAwOjAwOjAwKzAwOjAwIiwgImZmOWRlZjA4LTNjNzctNDdjYy1iMGRjLWYxZWYzMzNjZmQ4NCJd>)